I te ao, ka pāngia te tangata e te toto i ētahi wā. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ki te kore ētahi patunga e rongoatia, ka āta whakapūpū te toto, ka mutu te toto, ā, ka waiho hei kiriuhi toto. He aha te take? He aha ngā matū kua whai wāhi nui ki tēnei tukanga? Muri iho, kia tūhuratia ngātahitia e tātou te mātauranga mō te whakapūpū toto!

E mōhio ana tātou katoa, kei te rere tonu te toto i roto i te tinana o te tangata i raro i te pana a te ngākau ki te kawe i te hāora, te pūmua, te wai, ngā electrolytes me ngā warowaihā e hiahiatia ana e te tinana. I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka rere te toto i roto i ngā oko toto. Ina pakaru ngā oko toto, ka mutu te toto me te totohu o te tinana mā roto i tētahi raupapa o ngā tauhohenga. Ko te totohu me te hemostasis noa o te tinana tangata e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga me te mahi o te pakitara o ngā oko toto e ora tonu ana, te mahi noa o ngā mea totohu, me te kounga me te nui o ngā pereti toto whai hua.

I raro i ngā āhuatanga noa, ka whakaritea ngā pereti toto ki ngā pakitara o roto o ngā kapia toto hei pupuri i te pumau o ngā pakitara o ngā oko toto. Ina pakaru ngā oko toto, ka tīmata te whakahekenga, ka tata ngā pakitara o ngā oko toto i te wāhanga kua pakaru tetahi ki tetahi, ka whakaiti i te patunga, ka whakaroa hoki i te rere o te toto. I taua wā anō, ka piri ngā pereti toto, ka kohikohi, ka tuku i ngā ihirangi ki te wāhanga kua pakaru, ka hanga he thrombus pereti toto ā-rohe, ka ārai i te patunga. Ko te hemostasis o ngā oko toto me ngā pereti toto ka kiia ko te hemostasis tuatahi, ā, ko te tukanga o te hanga i te totoka fibrin i te wāhi kua whara i muri i te whakahohenga o te pūnaha toto hei ārai i te patunga ka kiia ko te tikanga hemostatic tuarua.

Ina koa, ko te toto totoka e pā ana ki te tukanga e huri ai te toto mai i te āhua rere ki te āhua kore-rere. Ko te toto totoka he tikanga ka whakahohehia he raupapa o ngā āhuatanga totoka e te enzymolysis, ā, i te mutunga ka hangaia te thrombin hei hanga i te totoka fibrin.E toru ngā ara o te tukanga totoka, arā, ko te ara totoka taketake, ko te ara totoka o waho, me te ara totoka noa.

1) Ka tīmatahia te ara toto toto taketake e te tauwehe toto XII mā te tauhohenga whakapā. Mā te whakahohenga me te tauhohenga o ngā momo tauwehe toto toto, ka huri te prothrombin hei thrombin. Ka huri te thrombin i te fibrinogen hei fibrin hei whakatutuki i te kaupapa o te toto toto toto.

2) Ko te ara toto toto o waho e pā ana ki te tukunga o tana ake tauwehe kiko, e hiahia ana ki te wā poto mō te toto toto me te urupare tere.

Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau ka taea te whakahohe tahi i te ara toto toto taketake me te ara toto toto o waho, ā, ka taea hoki te whakahohe tahi.

3) Ko te ara toto toto noa e pā ana ki te wāhanga toto toto noa o te pūnaha toto toto taketake me te pūnaha toto toto o waho, e rua ngā wāhanga matua o te hanga thrombin me te hanganga fibrin.

Ko te mea e kiia nei ko te hemostasis me te kino o ngā oko toto, e whakahohe ana i te ara toto toto o waho. Kāore i te tino mārama te mahi ā-tinana o te ara toto toto o roto i tēnei wā. Heoi, e tino mōhiotia ana ka taea te whakahohe i te ara toto toto o roto i te wā e pā ana te tinana tangata ki ngā rauemi horihori, ko te tikanga ka taea e ngā rauemi koiora te whakaputa toto toto ki roto i te tinana tangata, ā, kua waiho hoki tēnei āhuatanga hei arai nui ki te whakaurunga o ngā taputapu hauora ki roto i te tinana tangata.

Mā ngā āhuatanga rerekē, ngā arai rānei o tētahi āhuatanga toto totoka, o tētahi hononga rānei i roto i te tukanga toto totoka ka puta he āhuatanga rerekē, he koretake rānei o te tukanga toto totoka katoa. Ka kitea ko te toto totoka he tukanga uaua, he tukanga ngāwari hoki i roto i te tinana tangata, he mea nui ki te pupuri i ō tātou oranga.