Rapid dissolution of blood clots mainly relies on drug treatment. In some cases, surgical thrombectomy is also used.

The following is a detailed introduction:

1 Drug thrombolysis

1.1 Commonly used drugs

Urokinase: a natural enzyme extracted from human urine or synthesized by kidney cells. It can directly act on the endogenous fibrinolytic system, activate plasminogen to plasmin, and thus dissolve blood clots.

Streptokinase: a protein extracted from the culture fluid of hemolytic streptococci. It can bind to plasminogen to form a complex, promote the conversion of plasminogen to plasmin, and then dissolve blood clots.

Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA): a glycoprotein that can activate plasminogen and has a high affinity for fibrin. It can selectively act on fibrin in blood clots to degrade it and achieve the purpose of dissolving blood clots. Compared with urokinase and streptokinase, rt-PA has higher thrombolytic efficiency and fewer bleeding complications.

1.2 Treatment timing

For diseases such as acute myocardial infarction and cerebral infarction, the time window for thrombolytic therapy is very critical. Generally speaking, patients with acute myocardial infarction should receive thrombolytic therapy within 12 hours after onset, preferably within 3-6 hours; patients with acute cerebral infarction are in the golden time for thrombolysis within 4.5-6 hours after onset.

2 Interventional thrombectomy and surgical thrombectomy

2.1 Interventional thrombectomy

Under the guidance of digital subtraction angiography (DSA), the thrombectomy device is sent to the thrombus site through a catheter to directly remove the thrombus. This method has the advantages of less trauma and faster recovery, and is suitable for some patients who cannot tolerate drug thrombolysis or have poor drug thrombolysis effects.

2.2 Surgical thrombectomy

Directly cut the blood vessels through surgery to remove the thrombus. This method is generally used in emergency situations where drug thrombolysis and interventional thrombectomy cannot be implemented or the effect is poor, such as acute lower limb artery embolism. Surgical thrombectomy can quickly restore blood flow, but the surgical trauma is large and there are relatively more postoperative complications.

Regardless of which method is chosen, individualized treatment is required under the guidance of a doctor based on the patient's specific situation, such as the location, size, formation time of the thrombus, and the patient's overall physical condition. At the same time, after thrombolysis or thrombectomy, subsequent anticoagulation, antiplatelet and other treatments are required to prevent the re-formation of thrombus.