Izifo ezibangela ukopha ngaphansi kwesikhumba zingatholakala ngezindlela ezilandelayo:
1. I-Aplastic anemia
Isikhumba sibonakala njengamabala okopha noma imivimbo emikhulu, ehambisana nokopha okuvela ku-mucosa yomlomo, i-mucosa yamakhala, izinsini, i-conjunctiva, nezinye izindawo, noma ezimweni ezibucayi zokopha kwezitho ezijulile. Kungase kuhambisane nezimpawu ezifana nokuntuleka kwegazi kanye nokutheleleka. Ukuhlolwa kwelabhorethri kubonise i-pancytosis enkulu ekubalweni kwegazi, ukwehla okukhulu kokwanda komnkantsha ezindaweni eziningi, kanye nokwehla okukhulu kwama-granulocyte, amaseli egazi abomvu, kanye nama-megakaryocyte.
2. I-myeloma eminingi
Ukopha ekhaleni, ukopha kwamazinyo, kanye nezibazi ezinsomi zesikhumba kuvamile, okuhambisana nomonakalo osobala wamathambo, ukungasebenzi kahle kwezinso, ukuntuleka kwegazi emzimbeni, ukutheleleka, nezinye izimpawu.
Inani legazi livame ukukhombisa i-anemia evamile ye-cell positive pigment; Ukwanda okungajwayelekile kwamaseli e-plasma emnkantsheni wamathambo, kanye namaseli e-myeloma avela; Isici esivelele salesi sifo ukuba khona kweprotheyini ye-M ku-serum; Indlela yomchamo ingafaka i-proteinuria, i-hematuria, kanye nomchamo oshubhu; Ukuxilongwa kungenziwa ngokusekelwe ekutholakaleni kwezithombe zezilonda zamathambo.
3. I-leukemia ebukhali
Ukopha igazi kubangelwa kakhulu yi-ecchymosis yesikhumba, ukuphuma kwegazi ekhaleni, ukuphuma kwegazi emathangeni, ukuya esikhathini ngokweqile, futhi kungavela nasezingxenyeni ezahlukene zomzimba, okuhambisana nokukhula kwama-lymph node, ukuqina kwesikhumba, ngisho nezimpawu ze-leukemia yesistimu yezinzwa ephakathi.
Iningi leziguli libonisa ukwanda kwamangqamuzana amhlophe egazi ngenani lazo legazi kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwamangqamuzana enuzi emnkantsheni wazo wamathambo, ikakhulukazi akhiwe ngamangqamuzana okuqala. Ukuxilongwa kwe-leukemia ngokuvamile akunzima ngokusekelwe ezimbonakalisweni zezokwelapha, izici zegazi kanye nomnkantshe wamathambo.
4. I-Vascular hemophilia
Ukopha igazi kubangelwa kakhulu isikhumba kanye nolwelwesi lwamafinyila, futhi kuthinta kokubili abesilisa nabesifazane. Iziguli zesifazane ezisencane zingase zibonise ukuya esikhathini ngokweqile okunciphayo njengoba zikhula. Ukuxilongwa kungenziwa ngokusekelwe ekubeni khona noma ukungabikho komlando womndeni, ukopha okuzenzekelayo noma ukulimala, noma ukopha okwandisiwe ngemva kokuhlinzwa, kuhlanganiswe nezibonakaliso zemitholampilo kanye nokuhlolwa kwelebhu.
5. Ukusabalalisa ukujiya kwemithambo yegazi
Kukhona izifo ezingathi sína, izimila eziyingozi, ukulimala kokuhlinzwa kanye nezinye izinto ezibangela lokhu, ezibonakala ngokuphuma kwegazi okuzenzekelayo nokuningi. Amacala amakhulu angabangela ukuphuma kwegazi okungaphakathi kwesisu nangaphakathi kobuchopho. Kuhambisana nezimpawu zokushaqeka noma ukwehluleka kwezitho ezifana namaphaphu, izinso, kanye nobuchopho.
Ukuhlolwa kokuhlola kukhombisa ukuthi ama-platelet<100X10 μ L, okuqukethwe kwe-plasma fibrinogen<1.5g/L noma>4g/L, ukuhlolwa kwe-3P okuhle noma i-plasma FDP>20mg/L, amazinga e-D-dimer aphezulu noma amahle, kanye ne-PT emfushane noma ende isikhathi esingaphezu kwemizuzwana emi-3 kungaqinisekisa ukuxilongwa.